Rod Gabehart

ABSTRACT

The presence of hydraulically restrictive subsurface horizons at relatively shallow depths (<2 meters) in loess-derived soils of the eastern Palouse region of northern Idaho results in seasonally perched water tables, technically known as episaturation. Of the soils that have been mapped in Latah County, approximately 51 % contain hydraulically restrictive horizons. These restrictive horizons are classified as fragipans, argillic horizons, or argillic horizons with fragipan-like characteristics. This study was conducted to evaluate seasonal episaturation above restrictive subsurface horizons in two soils occupying extensive acreage in Latah County. Specific objectives were to monitor episaturation development, record the responses to major climatic fluxes, quantify the perched water, and evaluate the differences in episaturation between two study sites.

The two sites selected represent an annual precipitation gradient that is drier to the west (~70 cm) and wetter to the east (~90 cm). Piezometers containing pressure transducers were placed in three landscape positions at each site. The pressure sensors were placed at the interface between the E horizon and the underlying restrictive horizon and then connected to data loggers to provide an hourly record of the perched zone of saturation. Hydrographs constructed from these data indicate that zones of episaturation exist for up to six months and average approximately 35 cm in thickness over the season. A maximum saturation thickness of 78 cm was recorded at both sites. As much as 82 % of the seasonal precipitation received at a site may be present as perched water, suggesting that little recharge of deep aquifers occurs on these upland landscapes. Furthermore, because of high Ksat in the Ap and Bw horizons, perched water tables respond very rapidly to precipitation events. Data show that perched water table levels may rise to the soil surface in response to periods of high rainfall and/or snow melt, thereby contributing to surface flow. Results demonstrate that restrictive horizons in the form of fragipans and/or argillic horizons exert a major role in controlling the near-surface hydrologic processes in these loess-derived eastern Palouse landscapes.